If you’re a statistician working in a regulatory setting, you’re probably familiar with estimands as a way to frame the clinical question of interest. But what’s the role of estimands beyond regulatory approval, in a Health Technology Assessment setting? That question is especially important these days where the framework for pan-European HTA is taking shape. In this episode, we’ll touch on some HTA body views around estimands, and reflect on how current draft guidelines for EU HTA do and don’t address estimands.